Mac OS X updating FAQ

This Frequently Answered Question (FAQ) page is divided into these sections

• Why should I read this FAQ
• 10.6 Special Notes.
• 10.5 Special Notes. Leopard doesn't support Classic, but does support Mac OS 9 booting, if its capability was there already.
• 10.4.8 through 10.4.10 special notes of upgrade issues.
• Installing full version versus partial verison updates
• System Specific update restrictions
• Steps to avoid update failure
• Downgrading (see step 15 after clicking link)
• Additional Sources

  Why should I read this FAQ?

  As of the writing of this FAQ (Frequently answered question page), I've updated every Mac OS X version on an Intel Mac through 10.4.11 and another to 10.6.2 using the method of this FAQ. I have a PowerPC Mac right now standing at 10.4.8, which I could upgrade to 10.4.11, except I have some old games which won't run on 10.4.11. Just because you've seen an issue which appears on a bulletin board, or is reported to you by a friend in a Mac OS X update, it does not mean the update is itself bad. A mathematical improbability exists to test all combinations of software and hardware compatible with Macs. The fact the update works at all is a testament to how well tested the software is. As a result an update may appear on the surface to be bad, but in reality a contributing factor is causing your problem. If I had a complete failure with no contributing factors, I'll list it in this update page. So before you go and blame an update on your problem, try and look for contributing factors, and always backup your data prior to updating. The steps below should help you avoid the most common mistakes in updating and avoid the most common contributing factors.

  10.6 Special Notes

  WARNING: If you use Guest accounts in Snow Leopard, a bug has been that wipes the guest account contents entirely. 10.6.2 is supposed to fix this bug. Currently being researched by some people on Apple Discussions as to the cause. It may related to an earlier 10.4 bug that I indicated below, about using the Migration Assistant between PowerPC and Intel Macs. Instead if you have done so, be sure to backup at least twice and if necessary, rename the Guest account something else and give it admin access until the issue has been resolved. You can also migrate from PowerPC to Intel Macs using the user tip on: http://discussions.apple.com/thread.jspa?threadID=435350&tstart=0
  
  August 28, 2009, Apple introduces Snow Leopard, Mac OS X 10.6. The first operating system totally divorced from PowerPC Macs. This means if you have one of these machines:
  • Mac Mini with only 2 USB ports on the rear (as opposed to 4 or 5)
  • iMac G5 or less (link helps you identify iMac G5s from Intels)
  • A PowerMac G5 or less (The Mac Pro looks like , whereas the PowerMac G5 looks like )
  • Powerbook or an iBook
  You won't be able to upgrade to Snow Leopard, until you buy a newer Mac, introduced 2006 or later. Those Macs are the Mac Pro, the Intel iMacs, The MacBook, MacBook Air, MacBook Pro, and 4 and 5 USB port Mac Mini with a minimum of 1 GB of RAM (You can find this in Apple menu -> About This Mac. 512 MB, 540 MB, 640 MB, or 768 MB of RAM won't cut it).
  
  Furthermore, there are Wikipedia, Macintouch websites now for Snow Leopard compatibility. If you find an error, please edit the Wiki and e-mail Macintouch. Apple now has a document about what it does when it finds incompatible software for 10.6 during the installation process.
  
  Snow Leopard gets rid of third party Contextual Menu Items. Thus if any application you have relies on them, you'll have to find an alternative application.
  
  At the very minimum before installing Snow Leopard, backup your data at least twice, and dismount and disconnect all third party peripherals.
  
  Apple has now added to its knowledgebase compatible scanners and printers for 10.6.
  
  Some peripherals that run through System Preferences will only run if the Get Info box for System Preferences is set to 32 bit mode. When System Preferences is not open, Go to Hard drive -> Applications, and click ONCE on System Preferences, and select Get Info from the File menu to find the checkbox to toggle 32 bit and 64 bit mode.
  
  

  Special Notes for 10.5 and above

  • In spite of the fact that Leopard comes on a dual-layer DVD, all DVD drives built-in to Macs with 867 Mhz or faster processors could read dual-layer DVD discs. Only the older DVD drives couldn't write to them. This distinction has left many confused. You do NOT need to get another DVD drive even if your machine can't write to dual-layer Discs just to install or use Leopard. Dual-Layer DVDs allow writing of up to 8.4 GB, on drives that support them for writing. All DVD drives regardless of age can read from them.
  • Apple Knowledgebase article on why Finder may not load with External hard drives in 10.5.2.
  • Apple now has a general troubleshooting installation guide to installing Leopard in Article 307005.
  • Apple has noted an instance where an installation may result in a blue screen with Leopard on Knowledgebase article 306857.
  • Check your Techtools, and Disk Warrior versions are current for Leopard.
  • Check with the the vendor who wrote the utility before attempting to use with Leopard.
  • Time Machine has a known bug which will will add extra space to the existing the hard drive in the form of an invisible file. Be sure to allow sufficient hard disk space before installation of Leopard, and use my How to free up disk space? article as a guide to free up enough space for Leopard to run smoothly. Leopard needs a bare minimum of 15% + 9 GB free of hard disk space (24 GB of a hard disk needs to be free on a 100 GB hard disk).
  • Mac OS X 10.5 has no more Classic compatibility according to Apple. For more on the implications of this, visit my FAQ on Migrating from 9 to X.
  • Repair permissions is known to create an error message of Warning: SUID file.
  • What to do if your Home folder disappears: see Apple Knowledgebase article 307033.
  • Time machine's behavior is not quite what is expected, but once you understand it you can make full use of its capabilities. In this page: http://www.apple.com/macosx/features/timemachine.html it says:
    
    "Backing up to a full disk.
    One day, no matter how large your backup drive is, it will run out of space. And Time Machine has an action plan. It alerts you that it will start deleting previous backups, oldest first. Before it deletes any backup, Time Machine copies files that might be needed to fully restore your disk for every remaining backup. (Moral of the story: The larger the drive, the farther back in time you can back up.)"
    
    Turns out you can turn on that warning, or turn off that warning, but it makes no difference, it will go ahead and start to delete hourly backups more than 2 days old! So you are better off making sure that you don't delete files more than once a day, and that way, you won't lose information to time machine's need to keep disk space clear on the backup.
  • Western Digital has a new Firmware for 10.5.2 and some of their drives.
  • Some Firewire and USB hard drives which don't mount will mount on 10.5.2 if their power is turned on after the computer's power is turned. This doesn't affect all drives. Cooldrives and Otherworld Computing are unaffected.
  • Spotlight, the search engine which lets you find files in both Tiger and Leopard may under certain updates reindex itself. Click on its menu in the upper right hand corner which looks like the picture of a circle with a diagonal line coming out of its bottom right to determine if it is still indexing. If all you see is a search field saying Spotlight and nothing about reindexing, then it isn't indexing. When it is reindexing, file searches and content searches of Apple applications can return no results even when results exist that answer your query.

  Special Notes for 10.4.8 through 10.4.10

  In reverse chronological order, these have been found to be issues with the particular updates:
  
  At least since 10.4.4, it has been possible for Macs to lose sound in some applications while not others. How to configure the Audio Midi Application to fix this problem has been documented with a solution on Apple's Knowledgebase article 300832. Zapping the PRAM has also solved this problem, as long as the clock battery (also known as backup battery. Some Macs where it says n/a have a capacitor which could age as well) is less than 4 years old.
  
  10.4.10 reportedly has a bad audio issue whereby sounds turn into pop on the speakers which now has been fixed with the Audio Update 2007001 Intel, or 10.4.10 Intel Combo Update 1.1. I've not experienced this thus far, and I just installed 10.4.10. Also there were issues reported with airport, firewire, and USB, all of which I could not reproduce upon initial tests. It goes to prove the methods below still work. If you have issues with any of these and 10.4.10, I suggest posting a new topic thread on Apple Discussions Installation and Setup for Tiger board.
  
  iTunes 7.3,1, Quicktime 7.2, and Rosetta:
  It has also been found that some people who have installed the Developer Preview version of Java 6, or Developer Preview version of the Developer Tools may incur broken Rosetta when installing iTunes 7.3.1 or Quicktime 7.2. One problem some may find is that if they are running a Rosetta compatible application while installing these updates, they may break Rosetta.
  
  If updating from a PowerPC to Intel Mac, or migrating vice versa, do not use the Migration/Setup Assistent. Instead use Target Disk Mode, or some form of networking, or sharing media to move only those files that are safe to migrate from one operating system to the next. If you have questions what can be moved, feel free to e-mail me.
  
  10.4.9 has been found to have a longer eject key response than previous Mac OS X versions, and trouble sharing with AFP in Mac OS 9 if Mac OS 9 initiates the connection to a shared Mac OS X folder. The latter can be fixed by making Mac OS X initiate the connection following my instructions.
  
  Adaptec 2906 drivers may no longer work with 10.4.9. As a substitute Atto's drivers were found to be able to work on some configuration.
  A system administrator named Sinjin Lindbeck contacted HP technical support and discovered that repairing permissions would fix this problem they described to me:
  "If running OS 10.4.9 and your HP printers, scanners, etc start losing print jobs into the ether or fail intermittently, perform a repair disk permissions to eliminate the problem. I spent about 4 hours on my own and finally called HP. They said it was a problem with their drivers and 10.4.9. Just thought I'd share."
  Repair permissions is in Applications -> Utilities -> Disk Utility.
  
  10.4.8 has been found to have an issue with WiFi (Airport) on Intel Macs, and solutions are currently still being sought for these issues. Not all Intel Macs are affected, and most likely if you follow the suggestions below when you do upgrade, you won't have trouble with the update. Given that people have noted certain issues, I've posted their solutions which have been found on my website. Also Apple is aware of issues with RAID volumes according to article 304511.
  Apple also has an Knowledgebase article about troubleshooting software updates, at: http://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=106692 which may also help you here.
  
  If dmgs don't open after an update, move these files to the desktop and restart:
  /System/Library/Extension.kextcache
  
  /System/Library/Caches/com.apple.kernalcaches/
  Special thanks to robsterc and Mac OS X hints for that solution Additional solutions are being found on this this thread.
  
  

  Installing full version versus partial version updates

  Installing a full version update (i.e. to 10.2, 10.3, 10.4) requires all the following precautions, in addition to understanding the different kinds of installation available. Full version updates are not free and are available only on CD or DVD. The partial version updates which the rest of this FAQ discusses are free for download if you have the correct full version on your system. I.e. These partial versions will update these full version systems for free:
  Full version 10.2.x (where x means any number), can be updated to 10.2.1, 10.2.2, 10.2.3, 10.2.4, 10.2.5, 10.2.6, 10.2.8
  Full version 10.3.x can be updated to 10.3.1, 10.3.2, 10.3.3, 10.3.4, 10.3.5, 10.3.6, 10.3.7, 10.3.8, 10.3.9
  Full version 10.4.x can be updated to 10.4.1, 10.4.2, 10.4.3, 10.4.4, 10.4.5, 10.4.6, 10.4.7, 10.4.8, 10.4.9, 10.4.10, and 10.4.11
  Full version 10.5.x has 10.5.1, 10.5.2, 10.5.3, 10.5.4, 10.5.5, 10.5.6, 10.5.7, and 10.5.8 as updates.
  Full version 10.6 has 10.6.1 and 10.6.2 as an update.
  Later in this FAQ there are more finite details on how these updates may be obtained and for which platform they are available.
  
  Also note, for Mac OS X 10.4 and 10.5, Apple released them on DVD-ROM. If your Mac does not have a DVD-ROM compatible drive, you will need to get a Firewire DVD drive that is Mac OS X bootable (such as those by Otherworld Computing, or others listed on XLR8yourmac), or the previously sold by Apple Media Exchange Program replacement CDs (only available for 10.4). The disks will look like . They may be available at one of the Used and Refurbished Mac shops.

  System Specific restrictions

  
  
  System Specific Disk Restriction note:
  It is important to note, that installation of operating systems from a different Mac model will not always work right. Use only the disks which come with the Mac in question, or newer retail disks up to the hardware limits of the Mac in question (retail disks for Mac OS X look like, for Mac OS 9, 10.1 (Puma), for 10.2 (Jaguar), for 10.3 (Panther), for 10.4 (Tiger), for 10.5 (Leopard), and for 10.6 Snow Leopard. There has been much debate about this, however, a user tip, and these knowledgebase articles all point towards that fact:
  http://discussions.apple.com/thread.jspa?threadID=121839& tstart=0
  http://docs. info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=25517
  http://docs .info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=106176
  http://docs. info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=25497
  http://docs. info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=25784
  
  If you are having trouble identifying which Mac OS system specific disc you need for your Mac, use my guide on identifying Macs.
  

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  Steps for avoiding update failures

  The following fourteen suggestions apply to all updates, with a 15th suggestion of how to downgrade if you find yourself here after you updated unsuccessfully:
  
  1. Turn off any system that automatically updates. This includes the following:
  • Finder's automatic software update in Apple menu -> System Preferences -> Software Update -> Update Software, uncheck the checkbox to the left of "Check for updates [frequency pulldown menu]" You can check those manually through Apple menu -> Software Update. However, it is recommended that you don't apply them directly through Software Update and cancel and update request by Software Update. What you don't want is to suddenly be alerted a software update is available, and apply it without preparation. Hence the reason why it is recommended the automatic methods be turned off. The downloads will become available on Apple's website http://www.apple.com/swupdates. Downloading them from there will give you a chance to follow the tips below.
  • Quicktime in Apple menu -> System Preferences -> Quicktime -> Update -> Uncheck "Check for updates automatically." Visit Apple's Quicktime website http://www.apple.com/quicktime/ if you need to update Quicktime.
  • Third party automatic updates. Frequently these are found in third party software's Preferences menuitem found either in the Application or Edit menu of most applications.
  
  2. Backup (link goes to software available for backing data) your data at least twice before any update, and make sure you always have at least two copies of all your data on another media that won't be affected by the update. The reasoning of this is two fold, if the update causes you to not be able to access the media you have your backup on, you'll have another set of media that you can access it from once you erase and install an older operating system. And if you keep an extra set of backups of your data, keep them in a safe place in case something happens to the place your computer is at. This includes having a backup copy of the system update to get you to the prior system without too much hassle after an Archive and Install, as described in step 14 of this FAQ.
  
  3. Make sure the programs you need to run either require that version of the operating system to run, or can run on that operating system. If all the programs you need and drivers you need can run on your current system, don't upgrade! If it isn't broken, don't fix it.
  
  Along the lines of this train of thought, Apple has released security updates that require specific operating systems to run. Unfortunately those may not always jibe with your existing software compatibility. If security is important to you, be sure to take normal security precautions until you are able to update to a more secure system. Such precautions include the following:
  
  • Backup your data frequently
  • Turn on the firewall in Apple menu -> System Preferences -> Sharing -> Firewall and leave all ports unchecked that you don't need.
  • If using wireless internet connectivity over 802.11b/g/Airport, be sure you have WEP or higher encryption enabled.
  • Do not enable root account while connected to the internet. If you don't know what this is, by default root is disabled.
  • Do not download e-mail attachments from sources you can't verify that they are sending you an attachment that has been virus scanned. Corollary, turn off the preview pane of your e-mail program, and any HTML rendering of e-mail so that it does not automatically load the attachment.
  • Make sure your administrator and other system passwords are secure. That means no vowels, and a mixture of numbers and letters at least 8 characters long. Some older versions of Mac OS X it doesn't make a difference how many characters past 8 characters have been chosen.
  • If using high speed internet, use an ethernet router, or wireless access point/Airport Base Station with built-in security features.
  • You can download or buy anti-virus software for the Mac, but you need to make sure like with any other security update that it follows your operating system updates in terms of compatibility. At this time there are no known viruses in the wild, though some proofs of concepts have come out, and most require "social engineering" to succeed.
  • To prevent Spyware from attempting to phone home, you can download Little Snitch, as well as Macscan.
  
  
  4. Updates necessitate in most instances a repair of permissions before and after. Which instances those are is still unclear, even though Apple makes no judgement call as to when to repair permissions. But given that numerous people have found updates failed when permissions weren't repaired, and I've seen it happen to myself, I recommend it. I do not recommend using any cache repair, prebinding software, or other swiss army knife utility to do this. Only use Disk Utility or the Repair Privileges utility depending on your Mac OS X version. In Mac OS X 10.2 through 10.4.9, repair permissions has been available through:
  Hard drive -> Applications -> Utilities -> Disk Utility -> select hard disk in Disk Utility -> click on First aid
  
  Mac OS X 10.1.5 was the first version of Mac OS X where permissions could be repaired using a special Repair Privileges Utility.
  
  
  5. They require you have at least 3.5 GB (for 10.2 or 10.3), 4.5 GB (for 10.4), 9 GB (for 10.5 Leopard) of disk space free (more if you burn CDs or DVDs with the Finder. For every CD or DVD burnt with the Finder you'll need an additional equivalent space to the media you are burning) before you install the update. An arbitrary 15% empty has been found to be best for Mac OS X in addition to this amount. In the end that means for Leopard if you have a 100 GB hard drive 24 GB needs to be free.
  
  This amount of space is significantly decreased by 10.4's improved CD and DVD burning, though not completely eliminated. Articles 61339 and 302276 explain pre-Tiger and Tiger's burning methods respectively. In Mac OS X 10.3, your hard disk free space is located in the Finder's View menu -> Show Status bar which appears at the bottom of any Finder window. See my How to free up my disk space FAQ to help you clear your disk of non-essential files.
  
  6. They require you don't have any third party peripherals attached. If one of those peripherals is a data storage medium like a hard drive, camera media, or removable media, drag its icon to the trash before detaching the peripheral and make sure its icon is not appearing in the Finder sidebar or when you Go to Folder /Volumes/ if it isn't there.
  
  7. Make sure automatic Energy Saver settings for hard disk are turned off. If the hard disk spins down while the update is being performed, the update may not complete. Apple menu -> System Preferences -> Energy Saver has options to allow the hard drive to stay awake.
  
  8. Check that any peripherals or third party addon cards you are using don't require a firmware update before you update the operating system. If by accident you did leave a hard drive that required a firmware update, you may only be able to see that hard drive after the update using Prosoft Engineering's Data Rescue, or moving that hard drive into another hard drive case. To avoid that problem, be sure to dismount (drag its icon to the trash on the dock) and disconnect drives prior to performing an update. This page has links to various kinds of software and hardware support pages for Mac OS X: http://www.macmaps.com/macosxnative.html. Also, before upgrading to Mac OS X 10.2 or higher, you must upgrade your system's firmware if it needs it. Otherwise you'll end up with a blank screen.
  As part of this, you'll need to know how Apple identifies those Macs. There is a new section on the Mac OS X native page which helps in identifying your Mac.
  
  Once your firmware is up to date, make sure your clock battery isn't too old. Once it is over 4 years old, it may need replacing. All desktop Macs that will run Mac OS X use a standard 1/2 AA 3.6 V battery, you can buy at Radio Shack (catalog item 23-026). The iMac G4, G5, Intel, Mac Mini, eMac, and Notebooks though use a specialized battery that only a service center can replace known as a backup battery on Apple's article 86181. Some notebooks have no backup battery, and use a capacitor instead. For those that use a capacitor and end up unbootable, sometimes a zap of the PRAM helps. Zapping the PRAM can be done also on machines with known good batteries. Never zap your PRAM unless you know the battery is newer than 4 years. Even an almost totally drained battery can cause problems before the clock resets itself on the computer.
  
  9. Check any third party system utility programs you use and haxie type software don't need to be updated before you update.
  
  10. Make sure all Apple Applications are stored in the same folder they were in when you first installed the operating system, otherwise they may not get updated.
  
  11. Make sure the hardware doesn't have any problems according to Apple's Hardware Test CD. The Hardware Test comes in three varieties. Those for early Macs that will install Mac OS X which are stand alone silver colored disks that came with your Mac. These you can boot from Apple menu -> System Preferences -> Startup Disk, the 'C' key, or the Startup Manager. Those for PowerPC Macs which combined the restore installation disk with a hardware test volume, only bootable with the Startup Manager. And those which are only bootable with the 'D' key on Intel Macs. If you lost the original disks that came with your Mac, Call AppleCare for replacement disks. If you bought the machine and they didn't come with the original disks, contact the seller and ask them for the disks, or for them to Call AppleCare if they lost them. The seller can not hold on to the original disks as they are only licensed for use with machine they came with.
  
  12. When installing the update, and this has been true at least through 10.4.8, the "Combined" (combo) update will sometimes work better than the "Delta" and/or Software Update version of the update, or even repair issues that happen with that update. The updates are listed on this Jaguar through Leopard updates tables page. The "combined" (combo) updates are the ones that can update more than just one operating system version. The delta updates can only update the preceding system version. If you choose to use software update, and it does not appear to be working, follow these tips by Apple in Article 106695.
  
  13. If the update does not apply itself correctly it may give you an error that it failed to install. Be sure if this happens to reapply the "combined" (combo) update as mentioned in step 12.
  
  14. When updating, make sure you have a healthy system before you update. Some utilities to measure a healthy system can themselves cause problems to prevent an update from being successful. Ask a technician if you are currently having issues with cache, fonts, or the directory, before attempting to use such utilities. If you attempt to use them without first having a backup (mentioned earlier), you could be in worse shape, than first backing up. This also means if you have anything that won't run on your system that is supposed to be able to run, fix that before updating! An update will only add new features, and refine others. Fix any issues which may cause kernel panics and directory problems before updating. In addition, make sure you don't have any bad preference, permissions, font, or cache issues using the utilities on the Mac OS X speed FAQ. If you have any doubt about the health of your system, ask the Mac community if something is abnormal first before updating.
  
  15. If you need to downgrade to see if an issue existed before your update, you can Archive and Install and apply the previous combined (combo) update. Note, this will only work with Mac OS X 10.2 through 10.3.9. Later and Prior versions of Mac OS X require you erase and install Mac OS X to get to the previous operating system version. Note, when installing an older operating system, be sure to delete any Apple applications which existed in the older operating system installation first before proceeding, or move them to a folder where Apple's installer won't see them (i.e. someplace other than Applications or Applications -> Utilities folder) as some of those newer versions of applications won't work in the older operating system. Either method requires you already have a working backup system (link goes to software available for backing data) in place, as the problems you may be having may be directly related to your hard drive. In which case, only replacing the hard drive and recovering from your backup will work. In addition, Archive and Install is the recommended way to upgrade to any newer retail version of the operating system starting with 10.2. Do not use the installer disks from another Mac, or the Upgrade disks to do this Archive and Install, unless your Mac qualified for the 10.2.7, 10.2.8 to 10.3 up to date program which went on from October 8th through 25th 2003. For those Macs, you need to Archive and Install the 10.2 disks that came with them, and then use the Upgrade disks from the program to Archive and Install again! Another note, family pack CDs do exist, and they offer a chance to install Mac OS X on more than one computer as long as the Mac can install that version of Mac OS X. The following article helps define which version of Mac OS X came with which Mac, and what minimum OS X version can be installed: Apple Knowledgebase article 25517. Downgrading from 10.4 to 10.3 is even more difficult, as this User Tip on Macfixitforums illustrates. The good news is, now Mac OS X Mail 10.4 can be converted back to a format that 10.3 Mail understands, thanks to two utilities: emlx converter and Emailchemy.
  
  

  Mathematical Improbability of testing all software

  Rather than bore you with the details, I've put this section at the bottom of the FAQ for those who are interested in seeing why I say a mathematical improbability exists. The Apple Guide alone, lists over 23000 items that are Mac compatible. There is no way in the age of the known universe (given modern science's guess of about 10^13 to 10^27 years), that even a catalog of 63 possible hardware and software titles can be tested with every possible combination. Math says you need to use factorials for such calculations and Google calculates 63 factorial seconds as 10^79 years.

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  Additional Sources

  My primary Mac website lists many other Mac help pages as well as discussions boards where you can ask questions about the compatiblity of updates with your system. Always check the Mac community to see if certain updates have pitfalls you may not be aware of before updating.